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Overview of the validated early warning score
| Name | Author | Study design | Setting | Parameters | Outcomes | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VitalPAC Early Warning Score (ViEWS) | Prytherch et al. [35] | Retrospective cohort study | Acute medical admissions to the medical assessment unit | SBP, HR, RR, BT, SpO2, oxgen supply, consciousness level | In-hospital mortality within 24 h | AUROC 0.888 (0.880-0.895) |
| Modified early warning score (MEWS) | Subbe et al. [37] | Prospective cohort study | Medical emergency admissions admitted to the medical admissions unit | SBP, HR, RR, BT, Consciousness level | Admission at high dependency units (HDU), and intensive care units (ICU); cardiorespiratory emergency; death at 60 days | Scores of 5 or more, death [OR 5.4 (2.8–10.7)], ICU admission [OR 10.9 (2.2–55.6)], HDU admission [OR 3.3 (1.2–9.2)] |
| National early warning score (NEWS) | Royal College of Physicians London [36] | Retrospective cohort study | Medical emergency admissions | SBP, HR, RR, BT, SpO2, oxgen supply, consciousness level | In-hospital mortality | AUROC 0.89 (0.880-0.895) |
| National early warning score 2 (NEWS2) | Royal College of Physicians London [39] | Retrospective observational study | Acute ill patients | SBP, HR, RR, BT, SpO2, oxgen supply, consciousness level | In-hospital mortality within 24 h | C-statistic 0.860 (0.857-0.864) |
SBP, systolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate; RR, respiratory rate; BT, body temperature; SpO2, oxygen saturation; AUROC, area under the receiver operating characteristic; OR, odds ratio.