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Factors associated with serum uric acid level in female and male participants
| Female | Male | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simple linear regression | Multiple linear regression | Simple linear regression | Multiple linear regression | ||||||||
| Mean difference (95% CI) | P | Adjusted mean difference (95% CI) | P | Mean difference (95% CI) | P | Adjusted mean difference (95% CI) | P | ||||
| AMD | |||||||||||
| No | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - | |||
| Yes | 0.01 (−0.07 to 0.09) | 0.874 | −0.06 (−0.13 to 0.02) | 0.153 | −0.26 (−0.36 to −0.16) | <0.001 | −0.20 (−0.29 to −0.10) | <0.001 | |||
| Age (year) | |||||||||||
| 40 to <60 | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - | |||
| 60 to <80 | 0.14 (0.08-0.20) | <0.001 | −0.02 (−0.10 to 0.05) | 0.519 | −0.23 (−0.31 to −0.15) | <0.001 | −0.24 (−0.33 to −0.16) | <0.001 | |||
| ≥80 | 0.37 (0.20-0.55) | <0.001 | 0.02 (−0.15 to 0.19) | 0.813 | −0.38 (−0.64 to −0.12) | 0.004 | −0.53 (−0.81 to −0.26) | <0.001 | |||
| Education | |||||||||||
| Elementary school or less | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - | |||
| Middle school | −0.02 (−0.12 to 0.08) | 0.635 | 0.15 (0.05-0.24) | 0.002 | 0.09 (−0.08 to 0.25) | 0.318 | 0.01 (−0.15 to 0.16) | 0.920 | |||
| High school | −0.12 (−0.19 to −0.04) | 0.002 | 0.13 (0.04-0.21) | 0.004 | 0.21 (0.08-0.34) | 0.002 | 0.06 (−0.06 to 0.19) | 0.321 | |||
| College or above | −0.20 (−0.27 to −0.13) | <0.001 | 0.13 (0.03-0.23) | 0.010 | 0.34 (0.21-0.47) | <0.001 | 0.16 (0.03-0.29) | 0.016 | |||
| Household income | |||||||||||
| Low | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - | |||
| Mid-low | −0.10 (−0.19 to −0.01) | 0.029 | 0.02 (−0.07 to 0.11) | 0.622 | −0.02 (−0.16 to 0.12) | 0.788 | −0.10 (−0.23 to 0.04) | 0.157 | |||
| Mid-high | −0.13 (−0.21 to −0.05) | 0.002 | 0.03 (−0.06 to 0.11) | 0.554 | 0.05 (−0.08 to 0.19) | 0.444 | −0.08 (−0.21 to 0.05) | 0.237 | |||
| High | −0.13 (−0.21 to −0.05) | 0.002 | 0.06 (−0.02 to 0.15) | 0.156 | 0.13 (0.01-0.26) | 0.037 | −0.07 (−0.20 to 0.06) | 0.305 | |||
| Alcohol intake (g/day) | |||||||||||
| 0 | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - | |||
| <16 | −0.03 (−0.10 to 0.03) | 0.350 | 0.11 (0.04-0.17) | 0.001 | 0.37 (0.20-0.54) | <0.001 | 0.26 (0.09-0.42) | 0.002 | |||
| 16-40 | 0.28 (0.14-0.43) | <0.001 | 0.36 (0.22-0.51) | <0.001 | 0.57 (0.39-0.75) | <0.001 | 0.45 (0.27-0.63) | <0.001 | |||
| >40 | 0.44 (0.13-0.75) | 0.006 | 0.47 (0.18-0.75) | 0.001 | 0.55 (0.35-0.75) | <0.001 | 0.46 (0.25-0.66) | <0.001 | |||
| Smoking | |||||||||||
| Never smoked | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - | |||
| Ex-smoker | 0.15 (0.02-0.27) | 0.025 | 0.09 (−0.02 to 0.21) | 0.116 | 0.19 (0.09-0.29) | <0.001 | 0.11 (0.01-0.21) | 0.028 | |||
| Current smoker | 0.24 (0.10-0.38) | 0.001 | 0.15 (0.02-0.27) | 0.026 | 0.13 (0.02-0.24) | 0.021 | 0.01 (−0.10 to 0.12) | 0.844 | |||
| Physical activity | |||||||||||
| Low | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - | |||
| Moderate | −0.02 (−0.08 to 0.04) | 0.515 | 0.04 (−0.01 to 0.10) | 0.138 | 0.04 (−0.05 to 0.13) | 0.352 | 0.04 (−0.05 to 0.13) | 0.378 | |||
| High | −0.13 (−0.26 to −0.01) | 0.031 | −0.04 (−0.15 to 0.07) | 0.487 | 0.06 (−0.07 to 0.20) | 0.376 | 0.06 (−0.07 to 0.19) | 0.390 | |||
| Resistance exercise (/week) | |||||||||||
| 0 times | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - | |||
| 1-3 times | −0.06 (−0.15 to 0.02) | 0.147 | 0.03 (−0.06 to 0.11) | 0.546 | 0.04 (−0.07 to 0.14) | 0.472 | 0.01 (−0.09 to 0.11) | 0.853 | |||
| ≥4 times | −0.03 (−0.14 to 0.09) | 0.636 | 0.01 (−0.09 to 0.11) | 0.860 | 0.01 (−0.09 to 0.12) | 0.811 | 0.07 (−0.04 to 0.17) | 0.209 | |||
| Abdominal obesity | |||||||||||
| No | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - | |||
| Yes | 0.50 (0.44-0.57) | <0.001 | 0.37 (0.31-0.43) | <0.001 | 0.36 (0.28-0.44) | <0.001 | 0.23 (0.16-0.31) | <0.001 | |||
| Elevated fasting glucose | |||||||||||
| No | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - | |||
| Yes | 0.26 (0.20-0.32) | <0.001 | 0.07 (0.01-0.13) | 0.014 | 0.00 (−0.08 to 0.08) | 0.980 | −0.14 (−0.22 to −0.07) | <0.001 | |||
| High triglycerides | |||||||||||
| No | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - | |||
| Yes | 0.50 (0.43-0.57) | <0.001 | 0.33 (0.26-0.39) | <0.001 | 0.49 (0.41-0.58) | <0.001 | 0.38 (0.29-0.47) | <0.001 | |||
| Low HDL-cholesterol | |||||||||||
| No | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - | |||
| Yes | 0.31 (0.25-0.36) | <0.001 | 0.14 (0.08-0.19) | <0.001 | 0.26 (0.17-0.35) | <0.001 | 0.13 (0.03-0.22) | 0.008 | |||
| Elevated blood pressure | |||||||||||
| No | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - | |||
| Yes | 0.19 (0.13-0.26) | <0.001 | 0.07 (0.01-0.13) | 0.034 | 0.26 (0.18-0.34) | <0.001 | 0.16 (0.08-0.24) | <0.001 | |||
| Estimated GFR |
|||||||||||
| ≥90 | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - | |||
| 60 to <90 | 0.41 (0.36-0.47) | <0.001 | 0.42 (0.37-0.47) | <0.001 | 0.41 (0.33-0.49) | <0.001 | 0.46 (0.38-0.53) | <0.001 | |||
| <60 | 1.77 (1.52-2.01) | <0.001 | 1.70 (1.45-1.96) | <0.001 | 1.34 (1.08-1.61) | <0.001 | 1.54 (1.29-1.80) | <0.001 |
*Estimated GFR are represented in units of mL/min/1.73 m2. P values were obtained by linear regression model for complex survey design. AMD, age-related macular degeneration; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; GFR, glomerular filtration rates.